Rotavirus analyses by SYBR Green real-time PCR and microbiological contamination in bivalves cultivated in coastal water of Amazonian Brazil.

The contamination of mussels and oysters by viruses and bacteria is often associated with water contamination and gastroenteritis in humans. The present study evaluated viral and bacterial contamination in 380 samples, from nine mollusk-producing regions in coastal water north of the Brazilian Amazon. Rotavirus contamination was studied for groups A to H, using a two-step SYBR Green RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), and bacterial families Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, and Aeromonadaceae by classical and molecular methods. From the 19 pools analyzed, 26.3% (5/19) were positive for group A Rotavirus, I2 genotype for VP6 region, without amplifications for groups B-H. Bacteriological analysis identified Escherichia coli isolates in 89.5% (17/19) with identification of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli aEPEC in 10.5% (2/19), Salmonella (Groups C1 and G) (10.5%, 2/19), Vibrio alginolyticus (57.9%, 11/19) V. parahaemolyticus (63.2%, 12/19), V. fluvialis (42.1%, 8/19), V. vulnificus (10.5%, 2/19), V. cholerae non-O1, non O139(10.5%, 2/19) and Aeromonas salmonicida (52.6%, 10/19). All the samples investigated presented some level of contamination by enterobacteria, rotavirus, or both, and these results may reflect the level of contamination in the Northern Amazon Region, due to the natural maintenance of some of these agents or by the proximity with human populations and their sewer.

Clinical, biochemical and haemathological effects in Rhamdia quelen exposed to cypermethrin / Efeitos clínicos, bioquímicos e hematológicos em Rhamdia quelen expostos à cipermetrina

The acute intoxication of Cypermethrin in Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen) was evaluated. Animals weighing 56.67±4.43g and measuring 18.92±1.16cm were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cypermethrin for the species in hydrological conditions during 96 hours. A total of 52 fish divided into three groups were used and received the following concentrations of Cypermethrin: 0 (n=12); 1.5 (n=20) and 2.5 (n=20)mg/L. The intoxicated animals suffered behavioral changes such as loss of balance, swimming alteration, dyspnea, upright swimming and sudden spiral swimming movements. As soon as the 96-hour period was over, a blood collection for hematological and biochemical analyses was performed. A complete haemogram test, plasmatic protein test, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were studied. The values of erythrocytes, hematocrits, haemoglobin, total number of leukocytes, thrombocyte, ALT, AST and ALP changed according to the groups. The results have shown that the environmental contamination by Cypermethrin is toxic to the species...

Avaliou-se a intoxicação aguda da cipermetrina em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Jundiás que pesavam 56,67±4.43g e mediam 18,92±1,16cm foram expostos a concentrações subletais de cipermetrina para a espécie em 96 horas, via hídrica, utilizando-se 52 peixes, distribuídos em três grupos, segundo a concentração de cipermetrina: 0 (n = 12); 1,5 (n = 20) e 2,5 (n = 20)mg/L. Os animais intoxicados apresentaram alterações comportamentais, como perda de equilíbrio, dispneia, natação na posição vertical e movimentos bruscos de natação em espiral. Após 96 horas de exposição, foi coletado sangue para análises de hemograma completo, proteína plasmática, albumina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e gamaglutamiltransferase. Os valores de eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número total de leucócitos, número total de plaquetas, ALT, AST e ALP diferiram entre os grupos. Os resultados demonstraram que a contaminação ambiental por cipermetrina é tóxica para a espécie...

A phylogenetic analysis using multidirectional chromosome painting of three species (Uroderma magnirostrum, U. bilobatum and Artibeus obscurus) of subfamily Stenodermatinae (Chiroptera-Phyllostomidae).

The species of genera Uroderma and Artibeus are medium-sized bats belonging to the family Phyllostomidae and subfamily Stenodermatinae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from South America. They have a wide distribution in the Neotropical region, with two currently recognized species in Uroderma and approximately 20 species in Artibeus. These two genera have different rates of chromosome evolution, with Artibeus probably having retained the ancestral karyotype for the subfamily. We used whole chromosome paint probe sets from Carollia brevicauda and Phyllostomus hastatus on Uroderma magnirostrum, Uroderma bilobatum, and Artibeus obscurus. With the aim of testing the previous phylogenies of these bats using cytogenetics, we compared these results with published painting maps on Phyllostomidae. The genome-wide comparative maps based on chromosome painting and chromosome banding reveal the chromosome forms that characterize each taxonomic level within the Phyllostomidae and show the chromosome evolution of this family. Based on this, we are able to suggest an ancestral karyotype for Phyllostomidae. Our cladistic analysis is an independent confirmation using multidirectional chromosome painting of the previous Phyllostomidae phylogenies.